Cell Theory Essay

In biology, cell theory is a scientific theory that describes the properties of cells, the basic unit of structure in every living thing. The initial development of the theory, during the mid-17th century, was made possible by advances in microscopy; the study of cells is called cell biology. Cell theory states that new cells are formed from pre-existing cells, and that the cell is a fundamental unit of structure, function and organization in all living organisms. It is one of the foundations of biology. History: The cell was discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665. He examined (under a coarse, compound microscope) very thin slices of cork and saw a multitude of tiny pores that he remarked looked like the walled compartments a monk would live in. Because of this association, Hooke called them cells, the name they still bear. However, Hooke did not know their real structure or function. Hooke’s description of these cells (which were actually non-living cell walls) was published in Micrographia. His cell observations gave no indication of the nucleus and other organelles found in most living cells. The first person to make a compound microscope was Zacharias Jansen, while the first to witness a live cell under a microscope was Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, who in 1674 described the algae Spirogyra and named the moving organisms animalcules, meaning â€Å"little animals†. Leeuwenhoek probably also saw bacteria. Cell theory was in contrast to the vitalism theories proposed before the discovery of cells. The idea that cells were separable into individual units was proposed by Ludolph Christian Treviranus and Johann Jacob Paul Moldenhawer. All of this finally led to Henri Dutrochet formulating one of the fundamental tenets of modern cell theory by declaring that â€Å"The cell is the fundamental element of organization†. The observations of Hooke, Leeuwenhoek, Schleiden, Schwann, Virchow, and others led to the development of the cell theory. The cell theory is a widely accepted explanation of the relationship between cells and living things. The cell theory states: †¢All living things or organisms are made of cells and their products. †¢New cells are created by old cells dividing into two. †¢Cells are the basic building units of life. †¢ The cell theory holds true for all living things, no matter how big or small, or how simple or complex. Since according to research, cells are common to all living things, they can provide information about all life. And because all cells come from other cells, scientists can study cells to learn about growth, reproduction, and all other functions that living things perform. By learning about cells and how they function, you can learn about all types of living things. Credit for developing cell theory is usually given to three scientists: Theodor Schwann, Matthias Jakob Schleiden, and Rudolf Virchow. In 1839, Schwann and Schleiden suggested that cells were the basic unit of life. Their theory accepted the first two tenets of modern cell theory (see next section, below). However, the cell theory of Schleiden differed from modern cell theory in that it proposed a method of spontaneous crystallization that he called â€Å"free cell formation†. In 1855, Rudolf Virchow concluded that all cells come from pre-existing cells, thus completing the classical cell theory. (Note that the idea that all cells come from pre-existing cells had in fact already been proposed by Robert Remak; it has been suggested that Virchow plagiarised Remak.) Modern interpretation: The generally accepted parts of modern cell theory include: 1.All known living things are made up of one or more cells. 2.All living cells arise from pre-existing cells by division. 3.The cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in all living organisms. 4.The activity of an organism depends on the total activity of independent cells. 5.Energy flow (metabolism and biochemistry) occurs within cells. 6.Cells contain hereditary information (DNA) which is passed from cell to cell during cell division. 7.All cells are basically the same in chemical composition in organisms of similar species. Cell Parts and Their Functions Nucleus – Large Oval body near the centre of the cell. – The control centre for all activity. – Surrounded by a nuclear membrane. Nucleoplasm – is the protoplasm in the nucleus. – contains genetic material —> CHROMOSOMES (DNA) Nucleolus – is found in the nucleus. – contains more genetic information (RNA) Cell Membrane – the outer boundary of the cell. – it separates the cell from other cells. – it is porous —> allows molecules to pass through. Lysosomes – † suicide sacs † – small structures that contain enzymes which are used in digestion. – if a lysosome were to burst it could destroy the cell. Cell Wall ( Plant Cells Only ) – non living structure that surrounds the plant cell. – protects + supports the cell. – made up of a tough fibre called cellulose. Cyto Plasm – cell material outside the nucleus but within the cell membrane. – clear thick fluid. – contains structures called organelles. Vacuoles – are clear fluid sacs that act as storage areas for food, minerals, and waste. – in plant cell the vacuoles are large and mostly filled with water. This gives the plant support. – in animal cells the vacuoles are much smaller. Mitochondria – power house of the cell. – centre of respiration of the cell. – they release energy for cell functions. Chloro Plasts ( Plant cells only ) – contains a green pigment known as chlorophyll which is important for photosynthesis. Ribosomes – tiny spherical bodies that help make proteins. – found in the cyto plasm or attached to the endo plasmic reticulum. Endo Plasmic Reticulum ( ER ) – systems of membranes throughout the cyto plasm. – it connects the nuclear membrane to the cell membrane. – passageway for material moving though the cell. Golgi Bodies – tube like structures that have tiny sacs at their ends. – they help package protein.

Labeling and Discrimination Essay

Theory is the criminal process. It is the way people and actions are defined as criminal. The one definite thing that all â€Å"criminals† share is the negative social reaction as being labeled as ‘bad†. Law-abiding society often shuns the offender causing them to be stigmatized and stereotyped. The negative label applied to an offender often shapes their self-image and often leads them to live up to their newfound identity by committing acts that are more criminal. Edwin Lemert described this as being secondary deviance caused by primary deviance. The self-concept identifies two major theoretical perspectives. The first concept being that deviant labeling may subsequently influence deviance by altering a person’s self-worth. The role of self-dynamics and symbolic reaction amplifies negative expectations of society. The second concept focuses on social structure aspects of exclusion of offender’s by blocked access to structural opportunities. Matsudo, 1992) This ultimately becomes discrimination for people labeled by society as â€Å"criminals†. â€Å"Felon† is a label that is given to ex-offenders by society that confirms the degrading status that accompanies conviction. This is labeling. An offender is discriminated against because society views them as being â€Å"bad†. In short, a â€Å"felon† is a legal outlaw and social outcast. Not all the good that a person may have done previously suddenly matte rs and society assumes that there is nothing but despicable traits left in this person’s character. Their integrity is lost forever. Society assumes that â€Å"felons† cannot change and it becomes a struggle to be given a second chance to prove that people can, and do change, if the will to do so is there coupled with the tools needed to achieve a crime free life are also. The stigma attached to â€Å"felons† is so great that most opportunities for education, employment, and housing are not easy to obtain. These opportunities (tools) are often blocked because the offender has a criminal conviction. If society wants a lower crime rate then it seems that these opportunities should be available to individuals in this category. In order to rehabilitate individuals there must be a way for them to raise their self-image and seek out a crime free life. A sense of self-pride and achievement for many offenders could be the turning point in life needed for them. In turn, the crime rate would decrease. (Bodwitch, 1993, Freeman, 1991, Hagan, 1991, Link, 1982, Sullivan, 1989) These peoples are no less human or equal than any other except that they have made a mistake. Our society has somehow decided it to be acceptable to treat this group of people, and there are more than two million in the United States, as outcasts, undeserving of housing, employment, or education. Society has decided that â€Å"felons† should not only serve the sentence given as punishment for their crime, they should be punished for the rest of their lives. This seems very unfair and cruel. In my opinion, we as a nation should be not be discriminating against this group of people, but instead should be giving them equal opportunity to be educated so that they can obtain employment to support themselves and their families. They should have the same opportunity to live in adequate housing just as the rest of society does. This would be a step in the right direction to help increase the self- image that has been shattered by labeling and possibly deter any behavior by responding to this labeling by continued criminal activity as a means of defense, adaptation, or by attacking back at society. (Bernberg) Education is the first step to rehabilitating an offender. Many offenders do not even have a high school education. Some cannot read or write. In order to obtain gainful employment sufficient to support one’s self or a family, they must have at least a basic education. If not, some form of crime will be used to compensate for the lack of income provided by employment. In order to be employed by any company you must have a high school diploma or a GED certificate. Denying education is a form of discrimination to suppress a group of people from gainful employment. Employment is one of the hardest things for an offender to obtain. Employment applications ask for any convictions to be listed. If an offense is not listed on the application, it can be a reason for termination. Anyone that does choose not to disclose their convictions runs the risk of losing benefits from years of employment such as their retirement benefits and/or medical coverage. More often than not, if an offense is listed on the application it will be a disqualifying factor for consideration of the position. Even if the offense does not disqualify the applicant the mere fact that there are so many people looking for work that the applicant without any previous convictions will probably be placed ahead on the qualifying list for employment. Most employers view a â€Å"felon† just as the rest of society does. They do not want a person of this character working for them because they may view them as being dishonest, or they might even be frightened of the â€Å"felon†. This practice of asking for convictions on employment applications is also a form of discrimination. It greatly reduces the possibility of gainful employment for â€Å"criminals† by asking for this information. The past convictions of a person does not have any bearing on whether or not they are the best qualified applicant for the position offered by a company. If any person is denied employment and has no way to support himself or his family, that person will ultimately turn to some form of crime in order to do so. The offender will adapt and live up to societies expectations of them. If this type of discrimination stops, there is a possibility that more offenders will conform to the expectations of society and rehabilitate into productive citizens, thus, decreasing crime in our communities. Another area of discrimination for offenders is the housing market. Society does not want anyone with a â€Å"criminal† past living in their community among them. An offender can have a conviction that is over twenty years old and still be denied housing in many communities such as mobile home parks, apartment complexes s, private rentals, and even from some home loans. Some communities will not allow anyone with any type of criminal history to live there. A person could have had their offenses dismissed by the court and still be denied because of the accusation alone. Many of the government programs offered to help low-income people are not available to anyone with a felony. A â€Å"felon† is automatically disqualified from receiving any help from government programs. Offender’s often end up living in communities that are offered by â€Å"slum lords† in areas that have a bigger crime rate than in other areas. This practice of discrimination could lead to offenders falling back into committing criminal acts because other criminals surround them, thus, reinforcing a negative self-image possibly leading to a return to criminal activities. If society continues to accept the criminology theory it will continue to cause social problems for both the community and the offender†. Labeling is a stepping stone in the development of criminal careers. †(Benrburg) This social problem ruins people’s lives and creates a pattern of recidivism. The goal of society should be to try to find ways to decrease crime, not condone p ractices that will potentially increase crime. Everyone deserves a second chance in life to correct the mistakes that have made. If society was as quick to give a second chance, as it is to label and condemn someone for their mistakes, we could possibly rehabilitate a good number of offenders into productive citizens. Our nation could even possibly decrease the crime rate at the same time. None of the other practices of the criminal justice system seems to be working very well, maybe an approach of removing the barriers blocking education, employment, and housing might make a positive difference.

How Global Warming Effect the Environment

Charlotte Chiero Wk: 8 Assignment: Project 1-Research Project Global Warming Westwood College Global Warming is an increase in the Earth’s temperature that is caused by gases, chemicals, and heat trapped or introduced into the Earth’s atmosphere causing temperatures to increase. Everyone here on earth is responsible for Global Warming; it is something that we all are responsible for, instead of pointing the finger at each other we need to start working on a solution to slow down the warming effect in our country or world. If we do not become more educated on how we our destroying the world there will be nothing left.Global Warming has become so bad that we cannot tell the difference between seasons and this is because of the damage that we have done to our earth resources. To understand the Global Warming effect we need to comprehend what man has done to this world first we have destroyed our trees and not planting new ones exposing the earth to all kinds of unsafe elem ents. This is called deforestation. So why are we doing this. According to the National Geographic this is for agriculture farmers cut forests to provide more room for planting crops or grazing livestock.Often many small farmers will each clear a few acres to feed their families by cutting down trees and burning them in a process known as â€Å"slash and burn† agriculture. Logging operations, which provide the world’s wood and paper products, also cut countless trees each year. Forests are also cut as a result of growing urban sprawl. Deforestation has many negative effects on the environment. The most dramatic impact is a loss of habitat for millions of species. Seventy percent of Earth’s land animals and plants live in forests, and many cannot survive the deforestation that destroys their homes.In addition deforestation also drives climate change. Forest soils are moist, but without protection from sun-blocking tree cover they quickly dry out. Trees also help perpetuate the water cycle by returning water vapor back into the atmosphere. Without trees to fill these roles, many former forest lands can quickly become barren deserts. Removing trees deprives the forest of portions of its canopy, which blocks the sun’s rays during the day and holds in heat at night. This disruption leads to more extreme temperatures swings that can be harmful to plants and animals.Further more trees also play a critical role in absorbing the greenhouse gases that fuel global warming. Fewer forests mean larger amounts of greenhouse gases entering the atmosphere and increased speed and severity of global warming. The quickest solution to deforestation would be to simply stop cutting down trees. A more workable solution is to carefully manage forest resources by eliminating clear-cutting to make sure that forest environments remain intact. The cutting that does occur should be balanced by the planting of enough young trees to replace the older ones felled i n any given forest.What we have to remember is that not all deforestation is intentional. Some is caused by a combination of human and natural factors like wildfires and subsequent overgrazing, which may prevent the growth of young trees. We have also, introduced chemicals in the atmosphere that is destroying our ozone layers. Trying to find solutions to problems like this will take all of us to work together all over the world to slow down the hothouse effects. As I mentioned early this is why we need our trees to help filter out all these harmful chemicals that our world is exposed to.Some of these chemicals are electricity from coal burning power plants releases enormous amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. According to Planet Save 40% of U. S. CO2 emissions come from electricity production, and burning coal accounts for 93% of emissions from the electric utility industry. Every day, more electric gadgets flood the market, and without widespread alternative energy sourc es, we are highly dependent on burning coal for our personal and commercial electrical supply.Another is in the last half of the 20th Century; the use of chemical fertilizers (as opposed to the historical use of animal manure) has risen dramatically. The high rate of application of nitrogen-rich fertilizers has effects on the heat storage of cropland (nitrogen oxides have 300 times more heat-trapping capacity per unit of volume than carbon dioxide) and the run-off of excess fertilizers creates ‘dead-zones’ in our oceans. In addition to these effects, high nitrate levels in groundwater due to over-fertilization are cause for concern for human health. References: Planet Save. (n. d. ). Retrieved September 20, 2012, from Planet Save: Read also: Disadvantages of Plants Living on Land

What are the driving forces of globalization and what effects does Essay

What are the driving forces of globalization and what effects does globalization have on the policy-making capabilities of states - Essay Example 256-260), â€Å"globalization integrates many countries together.† It is an observation that after globalization, developed and developing countries have got an opportunity to interconnect themselves together (Frieden, pp. 256-260). Since the time when people began to travel and explore the world outside their limited boundaries, an era of development commenced. This development was in the form of advancements in the trade patterns and scientific discoveries (Boutaleb, p.1). However, now the notion of development has acquired a very different and diverse context. It now includes learning from diverse group of people, intermingling of cultures, and working for mutual success. Thus, â€Å"Globalization is the phenomenon, which can be stated as intermingling of nations and people culturally, and economically† (Smith, p.1). Transportation and media has shortened the distances between two nations, as well as the people. In today’s era of globalization, one can acquire information about anything, and can move from one continent to another in a matter of time, which otherwise would require years of constant traveling. Moreover, on one hand, people had to perform their work with their hands and had to rely on primitive methods of earning and livelihood in previous years; however, in the recent years, globalization has given access to a bountiful of virtual, natural, and artificial resources that offer their utilization to change the lifestyles completely. It means that people can learn from others experiences and build further on rather than learning by experiencing it themselves and starting any work from scratch. People are social animals, created by God to develop and learn with mutual interaction and contact with the natural surrounding. An individual living on a deserted island cannot rely totally on his own skill as a survivor, no matter how courageous and introvert he is. He needs certain assistance and other human beings to talk, learn,

Theory report-Archtecture History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Theory report-Archtecture History - Essay Example Toward this direction it is supported that urban design ‘is geographically limited in terms that it can be applied in ‘areas of a limited size, about half a mile (0.8 km) square’12. It should also be noticed that modern architecture is characterized by a plethora of innovative plans and ideas which all contribute to the development of the specific science throughout the years. As an example we could refer to the case of Archigram which published in 1961 and included a series of architectural plans of very simple form as designed by Cook, Webb and other architects that participated in the whole effort (Design Museum, 2007). Archigram has been a representative sample of modern architectural ideas despite the fact that its application is not achievable. Apart from Archigram, a series of trends have been developed in architecture which was furthermore supported by theories related with the plans involved. In this context, Utopia – a term that is used a lot in the description of specific social and cultural conditions – has been related with architecture. The plans that were developed under the influence of ‘Utopian’ city present many simi larities although there are also elements that are unique in each one of these plans. It should be noticed that the application of the theory of ‘Utopia’ in architecture is not recent. In fact there are many studies that refer to the particular issue highlighting the importance of ‘Utopia’ for the development of ‘unreal’ but pleasant conditions of life for citizens around the world. Current paper presents a personal proposal on Courthouse project using the theory of Utopia as developed in the area of architecture. The particular aspects of Utopia are presented in order to understand its application of architecture and its potential use in the future towards the development of viable urban plans. Moreover, a series of architectural plans related with Utopia has been used in order to

Theology of Immigration Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Theology of Immigration - Assignment Example While Congress is making new laws evangelical Christians, on the other hand, are protesting and trying to make sure that these laws are in accordance with the teachings of the bible regarding immigration and how immigrants should be treated. An immigration law that ensures justice, values an individual’s self-esteem and does not affect the country’s image as a welcoming country. A fair immigration law will help in making the country’s economy and society stronger. Immigrants have played a significant role both in American history and bequest, due to this American’s should encourage immigrants to take part as American citizens who pay taxes, vote in elections and work legally (Staver, 2013). Immigration laws should consist of suitable fines, timings to wait for their hearings, a proper background check should be done, confirmation regarding honorable character and loyalty towards America by learning their native language. The Bible regarding the issue of im migration states that people need to make to make a choice between greeting the immigrants which will direct them towards endless paradise and not greeting the immigrants will direct them towards endless penalty. (Staver, 2013) In this paper, we will discuss what the Bible says regarding the issue of immigration and will also put light on the issue of Iraqi immigrants and what the Christians have to say about it.   The topic of immigration usually creates a gap between devoted parishioners and denominational ministers, a number of Catholic bishops believe that illegal immigrants should be given official pardon. They are constantly working in the favor of open borders. The codes of conduct stated by their religion are the basis for many American policies and their politics. The Christians who form the policies and the Christian citizens of the United States may perhaps want to take into account how the Bible looks at the issue of immigration. The United States has an extensive rela tionship with Christianity and its effect on the process of policymaking. The Bible clearly states rules about some issues of public policy making, however on a few issues nothing is said clearly so people themselves have to interpret what the Bible is saying.   (Edwards, 2009) The Bible has told its people the role God has determined for the Civil Government of the country. It specifies that those with power need to maintain law and order in the country, look after the citizens and penalize those who commit a crime.   (Edwards, 2009) In 1 Peter 2:13-14 NIV it is said: â€Å"Submit yourselves for the Lord's sake to every authority instituted among men: whether to the king, as the supreme authority, or to governors, who are sent by him to punish those who do wrong and to commend those who do right.† This tells us that those who are making the laws have a very serious responsibility given to them.  

Difficulties in Managing Enterprise Resource Planning Systems Case Study

Difficulties in Managing Enterprise Resource Planning Systems - Case Study Example The Company made approximately 6000 customizations on the SAP system, but later began experiencing challenges when Kennametal made intentions to upgrade the system. The Inflexibility occurred in the sense that; upgrading the SAP system would take too much time and efforts that supersede the benefits of the upgrade. The cost that would be incurred by the Kennametal Company to upgrade the SAP system was determined to be relatively higher as compared to the projected costs. The alignment of an organization’s processes with the Enterprise Resource Planning System enables an organization to comprehend its complicated operational processes. This enables the company to operate faster and efficiently hence improving its competitive advantage. In addition, the application of the Enterprise Resource Planning System by aligning the processes of an organization towards its procedures enables the organization to customize its activities with regard to the applications of the ERP Systems; hence creating efficiency in its operations. One of the challenges that may be faced by aligning the processes of the organization to the procedures of the ERP system is that: There may be increased costs that are incurred when the user intends to upgrade some aspects of the system. Upgrading the system may also involve consumption of high amounts of time as well as relatively higher amounts of efforts. On the other hand, there may also be high costs of maintenance associated with ERP system especially if there is a vendor involved to provide maintenance services to the ERP system. In contrast with the strategy applied by the Dana Company to maintain their Enterprise Resource System by using an external vendor, I would opt for the use of internally trained IT experts to provide maintenance services to the ERP Systems. Basically, this idea would facilitate the reduction of extra costs that may be incurred to hire an external vendor. The initial costs of training or recruiting

Camp Nou Stadium Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Camp Nou Stadium - Research Paper Example Camp Nou Stadium Camp nou is the largest football stadium in Spain and the second largest football stadium in Europe. It is located in Barcelona and seats 99354 people in a football match but in any match organized by the UEFA the stadium is reduced to 96336 people per stadium. The stadium has hosted many matches and was one of the stadiums that hosted the 1992 summer Olympics that was held in Spain. Construction of this amazing football stadium started on the 28th match of 1954. This was because the previous Barcelona stadium camp de les corts could not be expanded anymore and so the then government decided to build another bigger stadium that could accommodate all the crazy soccer fans who were increasing in number daily and increased revenue to the government. This construction began in front of more than 60000 fans of the Barcelona football club team watching the construction. Before the construction began, Archbishop of Barcelona laid the ground with prayers before the civil gov ernor of Barcelona preceded by laying down the first stone to mark the beginning of the construction. The architectures in the team were Francesca Titans, Lorenzo Garcia and Josep soteras. The construction ended on 24 September 1957 and since then it has been the official Barcelona football club stadium. This means that the construction took more than three years. After its construction, the constructor later had many tenders for more construction and the architects behind the design of the stadium were given several awards for being the best designers. Culture and society The stadium was built in a culture that was characterized by mad football support and competition with opponent football club Real Madrid that at the time had the largest soccer stadium. This led to the Barcelona fans to want a stadium that could host more people and help them be proud of it, as it was larger than the opponent’s stadium. The construction of the stadium was seen as an opportunity for the rep utable Spanish architectures to show off their architectural skills to the population by designing the best stadium ever. Therefore, the panel picked the best stadium that they felt was affordable and could last for a longer period. Foster and collaborates were the contractors they finally won the tender to build the stadium. At the time of its building, many people were fascinated by the way, that football stadiums were being built in Europe starting with the construction of Old Trafford stadium which was one of the state of the art stadiums at the time. After this, many club supporters across Europe wanted to help in the building of similar stadiums with the same capacity or even more. At this time, there were several universities that offered different courses in architecture and there were different competition on who could design and build the most efficient and best clubs. There were also upcoming technologies that were used in the building process that was of importance. Cons truction of the stadium Constructed in 1957, the tools and the methods of construction are not so different from those that are currently used. However, there is a slight difference in the tools, the materials, and the labour that was used. Trucks did transportation and cranes did loading. Since the Portland cement used in the making of concrete was not far from the site off construction, the transportation did not take a lot of time. Cranes were then used to uplift the building materials to greater heights and the major

Moral Issues In Business Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Moral Issues In Business - Research Paper Example Moral Issues In Business Amazon’s product-service has two components: a service component and a product component. The service component has a product-service mix width of two, since the company provides two types of services: provides customers with easy access to online purchases of goods at a fee; and provides sellers with an online platform to sell their goods and services through Amazon’s library of software. The product component of Amazon’s product-service mix has a very large width that is undeterminable since the company provides customers with almost all types of products. Similarly, the length, depth and consistency of the product mix are indeterminately large (Griffin, 626). Some aspects of Amazon’s operations are characteristic of a manufacturing organization while some are characteristic of those of a service organization. The manufacturing aspects are manifest in the company’s library of software. Although Amazon provides this software for free to merchants and independent programmers, it charges a fee when these users use the software to sell their products and services through Amazon. Amazon’s operations that are characteristic of a service organization include the online platform it provides to its customers, which enables them to purchase goods through a simple mouse click. What I have read in real life for the Americans is that as a result of wealth accumulation under control by a few, the interest of laborers in the USA gets less attention and importance to the business entities. Since the interest of capitalism is profits and it relies on supply and demand, the management of an enterprise seeks out ways and means to lower labor costs in order to make its products and/or services more competitive.

Quaid-E-Azam Essay Example for Free

Quaid-E-Azam Essay Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Statesman was hatched inKarachion the 25th Dec, 1876. His antecedent, Jinnah Poonjah, was a big distributer ofKarachi. Though a very sumptuous businessperson, Mr. Poonjah desirable to devote virtuous pedagogy to his son and book him absent from acting. Mr. Mohammad AH Solon received his proto instruction inKarachiandBombay. He passed his Mesmerize Scrutiny in 1891. In his schooltime days he was very painstaking in his studies. He observed the rules of correction. He was also really punctual m attending. All these nibbed to his incoming greatness. For his complete qualities, he was really often cherished by his teachers and fellow-students. His fathers person, Mr. Federick Croft, revealed signs of a enthusiastic man in him. He advised his hypostasis to transfer him toEnglandfor higher studies. Accordingly Mr. Statesman socialist forEnglandin 1892. There he was admitted into theLincolnsInnand obtained the laurels of Bar-at-Law. Mr Statesman stayed in England for tetrad period. He premeditated the ways of the Humanities people. He was rattling more impressed to maturate that all of them, colourful or bad, admired their motherland. There he came low the influence of a loyal Asian, Dababhoy Nooroj. After having successfully through his teaching, Mr. Jinnah returned to Indiain 1896. At that second his fathers concern was not gushing fountainhead. So to get money for the kinfolk, he started practise inKarachi. But he could not do cured. He left Karachi and went to Bombay to try his hazard there. Here, too, his practice was unsharpened for leash geezerhood. At worst, he conventional the couple as Ordinal Administration Magistrate of Bombay. But he was overconfident that he would do excavation as a lawyer. So he gave up the copulate after any experience minute he was established as a distinguished attorney. His laurels spread far and stretching. In 1905, Mr. Solon came in snuggled communication with Gopal Krishna Gokhale. Mr. Gokhale was then the president of the Amerindic Soul Congress. Shortly he became its most copernican person. He was titled the Ambassador of Hindu-M .turn Unity. But he was disenchanted in 1930. For he then realised that the only objective of the Congress was to give Religion judge inIndia. He, thus, distributed himself from the Congress. He devoted himself in organising the Muslims. The Muslims were then at their lowest ebb-politically, socially and economically. His,, leadership, kindled a new-imagination among the frustrated Muslims. He created semipolitical cognisance among the Muslims of India. It was due to his management and leaders the Muslims regained their confidence. Each and every Moslem responded to his clarion exact. And they, with one line demanded a asunder Declaration was adoptive. The try for Pakistan is a tale of a uninterrupted essay against a boniface of obstacles and it was his con trol and activity which provided for us a bulwork of posture at these tall nowadays. The creation of Pakistan was due to the untiring receive and zeal of Quaid-i-Azam. He won Pakistan by his irrefutable arguments. He is titled the Ascendant of the Nation. For similar a theological, he acquired a land for us. Tho in destroyed health, he had to get the prime Governor-Generalship of Pakistan. He died in attach on the 11th Sept, 1948.

Stability and Control of Nonlinear Systems

Stability and Control of Nonlinear Systems The following system was provided to study about passivity, asymptotic stability, and input to state stability properties at conditions. The given system of differential equation for analysis is given below Also, The state space representation of the system is as follows. Let, Similarly Hence Based on the system equation is given by Similarly, based on the state space representation The state of system , where n=4, where m=2 and where p=2. Hence p=m.   A dissipative system with respect to supply rate is said to be passive, if The Lyapunov function for the system is given as Hence with respect to definition of state variables, it can be rewritten as Hence, Also, based on the definition of S, For the given system , hence the lossless system, is passive from u to y. The PD feedback controller of the system with and is represented as Hence the state space representation of the system, is given by The modified Lyapunov function with potential energy is given by It can be observed that V(x) is differentiable (V: R4 → R and a C1 function). Based on the equation of V(x) it can be observed that, The term and all other terms are quadratic in nature.   Hence where Hence V(x) is positive definite. Let V(x) is bounded by V(x)≠¤M, where M à Ã‚ µ R, then it implies that ⇒ ⇒ and ⇒ ⇒ and ⇒ ⇒ and ⇒ ⇒ and ⇒ ⇒ Hence V(x) is radially unbounded. The derivative of V(x) can be obtained as follows Upon substitution and solving the equations, At It can be observed that Based on the above equation, it can be observed that It can be observed that , has only quadratic terms with a negative sign prefixed hence where Hence is negative definite. The equilibrium point of the system at is given by Hence origin is the only equilibrium point of the system. Based on the above observations, it can be concluded that the system is globally asymptotically stable at the origin. The given systems were simulated for different values of   and , modified one at a time with other disturbance set to zero and the initial condition set at origin. The following observations can be found from subplots of and Hence the disturbance in both the coordinates of the system are additive in nature. It can be observed that, whenever initial state of the system set to origin and disturbance is induced in one of the coordinate ( or ), the other coordinate of the system is not disturbed. Figure 1 State of System with disturbance at origin with rd=0 Figure 2 State of System with disturbance at origin with thd=0 The Figure 3 indicates the state of the system, when is modified from -5 to 5 with , with the initial condition as x = {7,3,5,1}.   The settling time of the system varies with the magnitude of disturbance and the initial condition.   Also, it can be observed from the plot of that the system settles to a point which is offset from the origin (equilibrium) by the value of disturbance.   Also, the settling time of the system is more for d=-c, when compared to d=c. Also, disturbance in one of the coordinate (), has its effect in another coordinate. Figure 3 State of System with rd=0 at x = [7,3,5,1] The observations of disturbance induced in when , is applicable for the disturbance induced in with    Also, it can be observed from Figure 4 that the settling time of the system is higher when a disturbance is induced in r-coordinate, when compared to -coordinate. Figure 4 State of System with thd = 0 at x = [7,3,5,1] The effect of having both and was observed by simulating the system response for and . Also, it can be observed that settling time of the system is similar to disturbance induced only in the r-coordinate. Figure 5 State of System with thd = -5, rd=5 at x = [7,3,5,1] In all the above plots, it can be observed from the subplot of that the settling point of state as t→, and , indicating that the state of the system tracks the input in the respective coordinate. It can also be observed from the previous plots for d=0, system exhibits the property of global asymptotic stability to the origin (equilibrium point).   Also, , the state implies the Bounded Input Bounded State property of the system. The input to state stability of the closed loop system with respect to and for the system was validated by adding a destabilizing feedback with and . The function k(x) of the disturbance is selected, such that the power transferred to the system is maximized, which can be performed when   . From the above equation, it can be observed that the power transferred to the system can be maximized by choosing same sign of with c≠¥0.   The nature of system response for different range of c is listed in the Table 1 below. Table 1 System Response for Variation in c at initial condition of [7,3,5,1]] Value of c Observation c ≠¤ 1.99 The energy of the system decreases initially, indicated by the plot of Lyapunov function shown in Figure 6 and the same result can be observed on the plot of r and ÃŽ ¸, where the magnitude decreases initially and oscillates with the bounded magnitude, for the bounded input indicated in plot of theta-d. c>1.99 For c=5, the energy of the system increases, indicated by the plot of Lyapunov function shown in Figure 7 and the plot of r and ÃŽ ¸ indicates that the magnitude continues to increases resulting in unbounded state for the bounded input indicated in plot of theta-d.   Also, it can be observed that the rate of increase in energy of the system, decreases with time. Figure 6 State of System at c=1.75 The system is not Input to state stable (ISS) for c>1.99 and Figure 7 indicates a system which is not ISS for c=5.   The value of transition from bounded state to unbounded state was observed at c=1.93 for an initial point of [1,2,1,2].   Based on the above observation, the transition value of c is dependent of initial condition (energy) of the system. Figure 7 State of System at c=5 The PD control used in the r-coordinate is modified as The simulations were carried out, to identify the properties of ISS satisfied by the system, with respect to and as inputs.   All the simulations were carried out with respect to the initial condition x0 = (7,3,5,1) Condition 1: The system is evaluated with zero disturbance and , the result is indicated in Figure 8. Figure 8 System with Zero Disturbance For the no disturbance conditions, it can be observed that the system is asymptotically stable about the origin (equilibrium), indicating the Global asymptotic stability of the system about the origin.   Also from the plot of Lyapunov function, it can be observed that the energy of the system settles down to zero. Condition 2: The destabilizing feedback input used in question 5 for the system was fed to the system and it its response is indicated in figure Figure 9 State of System at c=5 with modified PD Control The following observations can be made with respect to figure For an input , the state , indicating bounded input bounded state property of the system. It can be observed that, though the energy of the system increases initially, but upper bounded over a period.   The energy and the state of the system gets bounded over period of simulation.   Hence for the bounded input, state of the system is bounded. Also, the system exhibits property of asymptotic gain, since the state of the system is upper bounded by disturbance with gain of the system. Also, it was observed that though the system is ISS for the c=5, as the value of c increases energy of the system increases (example for c=10, v(x) is upper bounded to 10,000).   Hence modifying the PD control, makes the system ISS for a larger range of disturbances, when compared to earlier control. Condition 3: The system was fed with the input Figure 10 State of system rd=0 and theta d=5*exp(t) It can be observed from the plot that d(t)→ 0 as , also aysmptotically.   Hence the system indicates the property of converging input, converging state. The response of the system was evaluated with different possible inputs for , such as , the state of the system x1, x3 was chosen based on observations made in earlier simulations (q5) where predominantly these states grew out of bound Similarly, the above input conditions were simulated with =0 and defined as one of the input, few combinations of the above input disturbances and few possible system interconnections such as positive feedback interconnection, negative feedback interconnection, series interconnection. System response for various types of disturbance Constant Disturbance The disturbance of the system is set to constant values, as indicated in Figure 5 Figure 11 State of system at theta d=-5 rd=5 It can be observed from the plot of Figure 11 and Figure 5 that the settling time of system in r-coordinate has reduced almost by half, when compared to previous control. Positive Feedback Interconnection The disturbance input condition is mentioned below and the system response is shown in Figure 12 Figure 12 System Response for Positive Feedback Interconnection The state of the system indicates the converging nature, also it can be observed that after the transient period system follows the input. Series Interconnection The system is connected in series, with the following disturbance input configuration for each of the subsystem and the plot for the same is shown in Figure 13. Figure 13 System Response for Series Interconnection It can be observed that the behavior of the system is similar with respect to condition 2, but the energy of the system settles down at a higher level when compared to the similar condition with System with different disturbances acting simultaneously The type of disturbance added to the system is given below and the response of the system is shown in figure Figure 14 System response of simultaneous time varying disturbance It can be observed that the system exhibit the property of bounded input bounded state, even if the disturbance is of time varying. In all the above simulation conditions, it was observed that the system exhibits bounded state nature for a wider range of inputs with higher magnitude, when compared to the PD control implemented earlier.   This phenomenon can be attributed to the cubic terms with the negative sign, as it can reduce the rate at which energy of the system increases, before it goes out of bound. APPENDIX Code Used for Generation of Plots Contents Q4 Constant Value of Theta-d and r-d Q5 for ISS Q6 for ISS with new u2 Q4 Constant Value of Theta-d and r-d clc clear all close all global x1d; global x3d; ts=500;   %Duration for solving ip=[7,3,5,1]; options=odeset(AbsTol,1e-7,RelTol,1e-5); thd=[-5]; rd=[5]; for i=1:size(thd,2)   Ã‚  Ã‚   for j=1:size(rd,2)%-29:30:31   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   x1d=thd(i);  Ã‚   %x1d is Theta-d   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   x3d=rd(j);  Ã‚   %x3d is r-d   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   [t,x]=ode23(@deeqn,[0 ts],ip,options);   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   figure(1)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   subplot(2,2,1)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   hold on   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   plot(t,x(:,1))   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   title(Plot of Theta)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   xlabel(Time)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ylabel(Theta)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   grid on   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   grid minor   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   subplot(2,2,2)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   hold on   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   plot(t,x(:,2))   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   title(Plot of Theta-dot)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   xlabel(Time)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ylabel(Theta-dot)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   grid on   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   grid minor   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   subplot(2,2,3)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   hold on   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   plot(t,x(:,3))   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   title(Plot of r)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   xlabel(Time)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ylabel(r)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   grid on   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   grid minor   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   subplot(2,2,4)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   hold on   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   plot(t,x(:,4))   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   title(Plot of r-dot)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   xlabel(Time)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ylabel(r-dot)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   grid on   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   grid minor   Ã‚  Ã‚   end end Q5 for ISS clc close all global x1d; global x3d; ts=10000;   %Duration for solving ip=[7,3,5,1]; options=odeset(AbsTol,1e-7,RelTol,1e-5); x1=ip;    global c;    cval=[1.92]   %1.993 is transition point    for i=1:size(cval,2)    c=cval(i);   %4.0125   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   x1d=0;  Ã‚   %x1d is Theta-d   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   x3d=0;  Ã‚   %x3d is r-d   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   [t,x]=ode23(@deeqnvx,[0 ts],ip,options);   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   figure(2)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   subplot(2,3,1)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   hold on   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   plot(t,x(:,1))   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   title(Plot of Theta)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   xlabel(Time)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ylabel(Theta)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   grid on   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   grid minor   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   subplot(2,3,2)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   hold on   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   plot(t,x(:,2))   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   title(Plot of Theta-dot)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   xlabel(Time)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ylabel(Theta-dot)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   grid on   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   grid minor   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   subplot(2,3,4)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   hold on   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   plot(t,x(:,3))   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   title(Plot of r)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   xlabel(Time)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ylabel(r)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   grid on   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   grid minor   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   subplot(2,3,5)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   hold on   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   plot(t,x(:,4))   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   title(Plot of r-dot)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   xlabel(Time)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ylabel(r-dot)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   grid on   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   grid minor   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   subplot(2,3,3)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   hold on   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   thdin=c.*sign(x(:,2));   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   plot(t,thdin)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   title(Plot of theta-d)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   xlabel(Time)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ylabel(theta-dot)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   grid on   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   grid minor   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   subplot(2,3,6)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   hold on  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   vxfn=(1/2).*(((x(:,3).^2)+1).*(x(:,2).^2)+(x(:,4).^2)+(x(:,1).^2)+(x(:,3).^2));   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   plot(t,vxfn)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   title(Plot Lyapunov Function)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   xlabel(Time)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ylabel(v(x))   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   grid on   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   grid minor    end Q6 for ISS with new u2 clc close all global x1d; global x3d; ts=100;   %Duration for solving ip=[7,3,5,1]; options=odeset(AbsTol,1e-7,RelTol,1e-5); x1=ip;    global c;    cval=[5]   %1.993 is transition point    for i=1:size(cval,2)    c=cval(i);   %4.0125   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   x1d=0;  Ã‚   %x1d is Theta-d   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   x3d=0;  Ã‚   %x3d is r-d   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   [t,x]=ode23(@deeqnr,[0 ts],ip,options);   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   figure(3)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   subplot(2,3,1)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   hold on   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   plot(t,x(:,1))   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   title(Plot of Theta)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   xlabel(Time)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ylabel(Theta)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   grid on   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   grid minor   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   subplot(2,3,2)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   hold on   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   plot(t,x(:,2))   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   title(Plot of Theta-dot)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   xlabel(Time)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ylabel(Theta-dot)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   grid on   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   grid minor   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   subplot(2,3,4)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   hold on   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   plot(t,x(:,3))   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   title(Plot of r) Function for constant disturbance function dx = deeqn(t,x) % Function for system model %  Ã‚   Argument function for ODE Solver global x1d; global x3d; dx=[x(2); (-2*x(3)*x(4)*x(2)-x(2)-x(1)+x1d)/((x(3).^2)+1);x(4);x(3)*(x(2).^2)-x(4)-x(3)+x3d]; end System with Destabilizing Feedback function dx = deeqnvx(t,x) % Function for system model %  Ã‚   Argument function for ODE Solver global x1d; global x3d; global c; x1d=c.*sign((+1).*x(2));; dx=[x(2); (-2*x(3)*x(4)*x(2)-x(2)-x(1)+x1d)/((x(3).^2)+1); x(4); x(3)*(x(2).^2)-x(4)-x(3)+x3d]; end Function with new u2 and old u1 function dx = deeqnr(t,x) % Function for system model %  Ã‚   Argument function for ODE Solver global x1d; global x3d; global c; x1d=x(4);%c.*sign((+1).*x(2));; x3d=x(2); dx=[x(2); (-2*x(3)*x(4)*x(2)-x(2)-x(1)+x1d)/((x(3).^2)+1);x(4);x(3)*(x(2).^2)-x(4)-x(3)+x3d-(x(3).^3)+(x3d.^3)]; end Published with MATLAB ® R2016b

How Did the Role of the Jewish People Change During the Second Industri

The Jews in Europe were treated very poorly until a reform began in the late eighteenth century. The Jews lived in ghettos where they were not even considered citizens. The Jewish Enlightenment questioned this treatment. Emancipation is defined as, "the legal process, which began in Europe with the French Revolution, or granting to the jews equal civic rights in the countries in which they reside." The Jewish emancipation occurred during the Second Industrial Revolution due to the rise of nation-state and mercantilism (Calgary). The Jewish emancipation began at the end of the eighteenth century. It offered jews social, economic, and political opportunities, but it challenged traditional jewish life and values by making available new avenues of integration (Cornell). The Enlightenment was a "jewish ideological movement that aimed at modernizing Jewish life and thought" (Calgary). During the enlightenment some reforms were made. In 1782, Joseph II gave the Jews of the Habsburg Empire equal treatment as the Christians. France gave citizenship to Jews in 1789. Also during this time places such as Italy and Germany were treating Jews and Christians equally. An exception to the fair treatment was Russia. Russia continued to discriminate against Jews until World War I. The Russian government controlled the publication of Jewish books, the areas Jews could live in, and excluded them from receiving a higher education. The government even started riots in the Jewish communities. This was when many Jews decided to leave Russia and move to the United States. At the time they had all the legal rights as others, but they did encounter prejudice in the United States. Life seemed to improve greatly for t... ...ere treated equally in Europe made the transition more difficult when the discrimination began again. The treatment of Jews became very bad in the years preceding the First World War and they did not improve for many more years of pain and suffering. Borneman, John and Jeffery M. Peck. Sojourners. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press,1995. Caron, V. Cornell University. March 1, 1998. www.cornell.edu/Academic/Courses97/csas/as1359.html. Colby University. March 3, 1998. www.colby.edu/personal/rmscheck/GermanyB4.html. Glatzer, Nahum Norbert. C.A.N.D.L.E.S. March 15, 1998. www.candles_museum.com/antsem.htm. Greenberg, Louis. The Jews in Russia. Ed. Mark Wischnitzer. New York: Schocken Books, 1976. Segal, Eliezer. University of Calgary. February 27, 1998. http://acs6.acs.ucalgary.ca/~elsegal/363_Transp/02_Emancipation.html.

coral reef Essay -- essays research papers

CORAL REEFS Almost every one of us have heard and most of you have seen the Coral reefs but did you know what actually these are: As a mariner its important to know about the marine life, that was one reason I have chosen this topic for my today’s short presentation. GM, my scheme of presentation will be as flashed: DEFINATION OF CORAL REEF DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CORAL AND CORAL POLYP WHERE WE CAN FIND CORAL CONSTRUCTION OF CORAL REEFS CONDITIONS FOR GROWTH OF CORAL REEFS TYPES OF CORAL REEFS THREAT TO CROAL REEFS WHAT SHOULD A MARINER DO IN CORAL RICH AREAS FUTURE OF CORAL REEFS CONCLUSION What is a coral reef? Coral reefs are huge structures made of limestone that is deposited by living things. There are thousands of species that live in coral reefs, but only a fraction actually produces the limestone that builds the reef. Coral reefs support over 25% of all known marine species. They are one of the most complex ecosystems on the planet, and are home to over 4,000 different types of fish, 700 species of coral and thousands of other plants and animals. A good way to imagine a coral reef is to think of it as a bustling city or community, with the buildings made of coral, and thousands of inhabitants coming and going, carrying out their business. In this sense, a coral reef is like a metropolis under the sea. What is coral? Although coral is often mistaken for a rock or a plant, it is actually composed of tiny, fragile animals called coral polyps. When we say "coral" we are actually referring to these animals and the skeletons they leave behind after they die. Although there are hundreds of different species of corals, they are generally classified as "hard coral" or "soft coral". Hard corals grow in colonies and are the architects of coral reefs. They include such species as brain coral and elkhorn coral. Their skeletons are made out of calcium carbonate (also known as limestone) which is hard and eventually becomes rock. Hard corals are hermatypes or reef-building corals and need tiny algae called zooxanthellae (pronounced zo-zan-THEL-ee) to survive. Generally, when we talk about "coral" we are referring to hard corals. Soft corals such as sea fingers and sea whips, are soft and bendable and often resemble plants or trees. These corals do not have stony skeletons, but instead grow wood-like cores for suppor... ...s are considered as part of a larger watershed, the recognization of the complexity of environmental stresses can be understood. Management plans can be developed to reduce impacts to mangroves, seagrasses and the reef ecosystem, based upon accurate data and a better understanding of the system. EPA is in the process of developing guidance for a watershed approach to coral ecosystem protection. CONCLUSION Corals provide shelter for nearly one quarter of all known marine species. The reefs are home to over 4000 species of fish, 700 species of coral, and thousands of other forms of plant and animal life. Living coral reefs are the foundation of marine life, and this also means that they are essential for human life, but all over the world they are dead or dying because people are destroying them at a very fast rate. Already 10% have been lost, and there are predictions that 705 of all corals on the planet will be destroyed in 20 to 40 years unless people stop doing what they are doing now – i.e., pollution, sewage, erosion, cyanide fishing, bad tourism. We need coral reefs, and not just to make the ocean look pretty and colourful, they are more than just that†¦ eggs.

Image Of Child Heros :: essays research papers

Image of Child Heros The image of a child hero or â€Å"trickster† is seen in many cultures. This kind of role can tell a lot about how a culture acts and reacts to things. The idea of the child hero in stories written and told before the birth of Christ probably reflect the peoples beliefs that the child is the future, and therefore carries some sort of power or gift. For stories that were written after the birth of Christ, the child could reflect the idea stated above, or it could also be the peoples belief in an infant savior, that a child will make everything right again. Whether the story comes from before Christ or after, the one uniform aspect about these stories is that they are present in every culture, all around the world. The image of the â€Å"trickster† is also very prevalent in the different cultures. It is seen in many different fables and moral-based stories. â€Å"You cannot go against the Philistine, you are but a youth, and he has long been a man of war†(Metzger 145). This is what King Saul of Israel said to David when he proposed that he fight the Philistine warrior Goliath. The story of David and Goliath is quite possibly one of the oldest child hero stories. It was part of the Bible, in the Old Testament. In this story a young man named David proposes to the king of Israel that he fight and attempt to kill Goliath, the giant that had been plaguing Israel. The king agrees, however hesitantly, and David goes on to slay the beast using just a slingshot. While this story is not one that was made up, it still shows us that the ancient Hebrews believed in the fact that a child, or in this case teen, has the will and motivation to do the impossible. Staying on the eastern side of the world, we will next see examples of Russian stories. In the former Soviet Union, a lot of the time stories, books and other types of art were hard to come by. â€Å"In a broader sense, though, recent years have witnessed genuine cultural enrichment, as Gorbachevs glasnost policy permitted the works of previously forbidden writers, artists, and cinematographers to become accessible†(Grolier Multimedia). After the public was able to get at the mass of stories that had been kept from them, there was even more of an increase of books and other forms of art. The Russian people now had much more of an incentive to write. â€Å"In a certain village, not near, not far,

Stresemann Exam Question Answers

Describe the key features of the Stresemann foreign policy in the years 1923-1929 (6 marks). In 1924 Stresemann and Charles G. Dawes created the Dawes Plan. The Dawes Plan reduced annual reparation payments to an affordable amount. It was also agreed that American Banks would invest in German industry. This also improved the trust the allies had in Germany, as they were reassured that they would get their reparation payments. In 1925 Stresemann signed the Locarno Pact. This was a treaty between Germany, Britain, France, Italy and Belgium.The Pact consisted of Germany agreeing to keep its border with France and Belgium if Allied troops left the Rhineland and France promised peace. This opened talks about Germany joining the League of Nations, as the Allied troops began to see Germany as a friend instead of an enemy. In 1929 Stresemann signed the Young Plan. This reduced the total reparations debt to ? 2 billion. Also Germany was given a further 59 years to pay. This helped Germanyâ₠¬â„¢s debt problems, as they didn’t have the worry of not being able to afford the annual reparation payments.Describe the key features of the Dawes plan (6 marks). In 1924 The Dawes Plan was created between Stresemann and Charles G. Dawes, an American Banker. One feature of The Dawes Plan was that annual reparation payments that Germany had to pay were reduced to an affordable amount. This meant that there would be less chance of an incident, like the occupation of the Ruhr, would happen again; as the annual payments were much more realistic to Germany’s financial state. Another feature of The Dawes Plan was that American banks would invest in German industry.This meant that Germany could rebuild their industry, therefore increasing employments, which lead to increased profits. One bad feature of The Dawes Plan was that it relied heavily on American banks. This would prove to be a bad idea after the Wall Street Crash; as America called in all their foreign loans, deva stating Germany’s economy once again. Explain the effects of the Great Depression in Germany (8 marks). The Great Depression led to mass unemployment in Germany. In 1928 fewer than one million people were unemployed; by 1932 over six million people were unemployed.This meant that an increasing number of people were living in poverty. Because people were unemployed, they had less money to spend on products made in Germany. This further damaged Germany’s industry, leading to mass debt and further unemployment. The Great Depression also led to people voting for extreme political parties, in hope that they could drag Germany out of the state that they were in. Most of these people were unemployed citizens, as they were the most desperate. This later led to Hitler’s rise into power. Was inflation the worst problem that the Weimar Republic faced in the years 1919-1928?Explain your answers. You may use this information to help you (16 marks). * Weaknesses in the consti tution. * Uprising against the Government. * Hyperinflation. * The effects of WW1. One problem the Weimar Republic faced was the high reparation payments they had to make. These reparation payments send Germany into massive debt, leading to mass poverty and unemployment. I think this is one of the worst problems Weimar faced, as not only was it bad in itself, but it also lead to many other problems, such as hyperinflation and industrial problems.The Treaty of Versailles also meant that Germany lost lots of land- leading to further debt. This lead to further debt in Germany as they lost many resources which made them money. They had lost 50% of their iron resources and 15% of their coal resources- which were their main means of earning money. I think this was important as it contributed to all the other problems they faced, such as debt and hyperinflation. Another problem the Weimar Republic faced was that extreme political parties were attempting uprisings against the government.In 1919 the Spartacist League attempted to overthrow the government and have a communist government instead, by: taking over key buildings such as newspaper offices, set up workers and soldiers soviets and demonstrated with 100,000 supporters in Berlin. In 1920the Kapp Putsch took place. They also wanted to overthrow the current German government, but they wanted to bring back Germany’s previous leader, the Kaiser. They attempted an uprising by taking over Berlin. They were successful, but the German government ordered a general strike.The gas, electricity, water and transport in Berlin were stopped, as no-body was producing them, so they fled Berlin. The constant threat of uprisings led to an unstable government, which the public didn’t trust. Because the public didn’t trust the government, they started to vote for extremist parties, in hope that they would be able to improve the state of Germany. This was a large issue, as it showed, not only to the public, but a lso other countries that Germany was unstable and untrustworthy. Hyperinflation was also a massive problem Weimar faced.When Weimar failed to pay the reparation payment in January 1923, French and Belgian troops marched into the Ruhr, an industrial area with lots of coal, iron, steel and factories. France and Belgium began to take what was owed to them in coal, steel and iron. The German government ordered its workers in the Ruhr to go on strike and not to help the soldiers remove the goods from the country (passive resistance). But because the government ordered the workers to go on strike they had to pay them, but they had no money!So they printed more money, reducing the worth of money. As the worth of money went down, the price of goods went up. This cycle continued until people were being paid daily by the wheelbarrow full, and spending their money in their lunch breaks, before the prices rose again! This was a massive problem in Weimar as the country was already in poverty, du e to the reparation payments they had to pay, but prices were still rising. This meant people couldn’t even afford essential goods- leading to further poverty.I don’t agree that hyperinflation was the worst problem that the Weimar Republic faced. Although it was a huge problem, I think that debt- due to reparation payments- was the worst problem; as it lead to all the other problems they faced. Draw designs and then final designs Draw chosen design, with a 1. 5cm seam allowance, on spot and cross paper and cut out. Include grain line and how many need to be cut for 1 pillow Draw half of the design, with 1. 5cm seam allowance, on A3 paper. Add on 5cm for fold over and 2cm for seam. Cut out.Include grain line and how many need to be cut for 1 pillow. Cut material using guides. Sew front material together with wadding in between, for quilting. Cut wings, feathers and eyes out of different materials. Sew on feathers made out of polar fleece, with a straight stitch. Appliqu e on wings using bond-a-web. Applique on eyes using bond-a-web. Sew buttons on for eyes Sew on nose with a straight stitch. Sew 2cm seam on straight edge of the two back pieces. Sew the back pieces onto the front piece, so that they overlap by 5cm.

Bucket List Essay

Mc. Darell L. Janoras REFLICTION PAPER (BUCKET LIST) This movie is about two old men whom are medically ill and are given a few months to live. This movie can make you cry a little laugh a lot and realize tons of things. In the beginning of this movie, Edward, portrayed by jack Nicholson, is just a rich guy whom just feel happiness just thru money, he believed that having so much money can make you happy, he is just a happy go lucky man even thou he know he was sick, until he met Carter, portrayed by Morgan Freeman. in a cancer ward owned by him.Days have gone by and both of them go thru medical practices and then they both received the news that they are given a few months to live. Carter is a very intelligent man, whom once dreamed big but gave up his dreams because of financial problems, but as he grew old, he worked hard so that his kids won’t suffer what he went through and succeeded in it because he was able to make his children professionals. Edward and Carter stayed in the same room in the cancer ward, they soon became friends, and after receiving the bad news, Edward started to make a bucket list.A bucket list is a list of activities that you would want to fulfil before you die, those activities are set to make you happy and contented with your life, and so they broke out of the hospital and performed the activities in the bucket list. At first carter is not sure about doing it but then Edward pushed him into it. They had so much fun, added new activities and removed some in the process. Until one day Edward told carter the story of him and his daughter. Carter felt the urge to help his friend.Once when they were in Egypt carter asked Edward, have you found joy in your life and have you given joy to others life, and then Edward gave a vague answer. That was then carter realized that Edward wasn’t really happy with his life. When they went home to America, carter told Thomas, thou his real name was matthew Edward wants to call him that way , that he wants to bring Edward and his daughter together because carter believes that his friend will only find his true happiness when his daughter accepted him as her father.And so Edward got mad at carter for batting in with his life. Soon after carter got ill and was sent to the hospital, Edward heard the news and spring towards the whereabouts of carter, when Edward reached the hospital carter’s wife gave him a letter. The letter said that he was sorry for batting in Edwards life, and that carter already accepted that he is going to die. He also said in the letter that instead of crying, he wants Edward to go to his daughter and make up to his bad decisions that led them into those situations, and so he did.Soon after Edward realized that carter was right. No one can truly be happy when he or she is alone, you can only feel true happiness when you feel you are loved specially by your loved ones. In the end it turns out that carter saved edward’s life. He saved hi m in the arms of dying in vain and in sadness. Soon after Edward died too, but he did not die in vain he died happy because in his final months in this world he was able to get his happiness and was able to bring joy to others. And with that the movie ended.Soon after I asked myself the same 2 questions carter asked Edward. Have I found joy in life? And have I given joy to others life? That is when I started to realize that I should get started pursuing my happiness and that I should pursue mine first before giving happiness to others. I used the word pursue because as I’ve seen in the movie, happiness is something that you work for, it is not given to you in a silver platter but you have to work for it in order to enjoy it. And after watching that movie I can say that I have learned a lot in it.

Large-scale energy and metallurgy Essay

Industrialisation (or industrialization) is the period of social and economic change that transforms a human group from an agrarian society into an industrial one. It is a part of a wider modernisation process, where social change and economic development are closely related with technological innovation, particularly with the development of large-scale energy and metallurgy production. It is the extensive organisation of an economy for the purpose of manufacturing.[2] Industrialisation also introduces a form of philosophical change where people obtain a different attitude towards their perception of nature, and a sociological process of ubiquitous rationalisation. There is considerable literature on the factors facilitating industrial modernisation and enterprise development.[3] Key positive factors identified by researchers have ranged from favourable political-legal environments for industry and commerce, through abundant natural resources of various kinds, to plentiful supplies of relatively low-cost, skilled and adaptable labour. As industrial workers’ incomes rise, markets for consumer goods and services of all kinds tend to expand and provide a further stimulus to industrial investment and economic growth. The first country to industrialise was the United Kingdom during the Industrial Revolution, commencing in the 18th century.[4] By the end of the 20th century, East Asia had become one of the most recently industrialised regions of the world.[5] Contents [hide] 1 Description 2 History of industrialisation 2.1 Industrial revolution in Europe 2.2 Early industrialisation in other countries 2.3 The Third World 2.4 Petrol-producing countries 2.5 Industrialisation in Asia 2.6 Newly industrialised countries 3 Social consequences 3.1 Urbanisation 3.2 Exploitation 3.3 Change to family structure 4 Current situation 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading Description[edit] According to the original sector-classification developed by Jean Fourastià © (1907-1990), an economy consists of: a â€Å"primary sector† of commodity production (farming, livestock breeding, exploitation of mineral resources) a â€Å"secondary sector† of manufacturing and processing (as paid work) a â€Å"tertiary sector† of service industries Historically, the industrialisation process involves the expansion of the secondary sector in an economy originally dominated by primary-sector activities. The first transformation to an industrial economy from an agricultural one, known as the Industrial Revolution, took place from the mid-18th to early 19th century in certain areas in Europe and North America; starting in Great Britain, followed by Belgium, Germany, and France. Later commentators have called this the first industrial revolution.[4][6] The â€Å"Second Industrial Revolution† labels the later changes that came about in the mid-19th century after the refinement of the steam engine, the invention of the internal combustion engine, the harnessing of electricity and the construction of canals, railways and electric-power lines. The invention of the assembly line gave this phase a boost.[7][8][9] The lack of an industrial sector in a country can slow growth in the country’s economy and power, so governments often encourage or enforce industrialisation. On the other hand, the presence of industry in a country does not mean in general that it will bring wealth and prosperity to the people of that country. And third, the presence of an industry in one country can make it more difficult for other countries to develop the same type of industry. This can be seen in the computer software and internet industries. Started from the US around the 1990s these industries seemed to spread over the world. But after a period of monopolisation less than a decade long, the globally-leading companies remain concentrated in the US.[citation needed] Their economic power and capacity to dominate the media work against the developing of the same types of industry in other states. History of industrialisation[edit]

Enta

Are entrepreneurs born or created? New Zealand needs more successful entrepreneurs and much thought has been given to how that may be encouraged. C an we create entrepreneurs? Is the ability to see a business opportunity and take the risks necessary to exploit it endowed by nature or is it a result of nurture? I had always thought it was nurture. But recently I learnt more about my own family history and it made me question whether genetics has a bigger influence than I thought.My Hillock ancestors can be traced back eight generations to Edward Hillock who was born in 1687 and lived in the small Essex village of Shades. He was a carpenter and commercial property owner (leasing out the land and building occupied by one of the village's many public houses). That combination of being self-employed and owning property has since been shared by eight generations of Hillock men spread over more than 300 years. During that time there have been carpenters, farmers, millers, a brewer (Hillocks Karol Ale was popular in the sass) ND a pioneer developer of New Zealand farmland.Perhaps something in our shared genes encouraged this strong legacy of enterprise? To find out more I read Danish writer Lone Franks 2012 book My Beautiful Genome. She summarizes the 52 NOVEMBER 2013 latest research on how our genes influence our health and behavior. Among many issues, she discusses the L variant of the MAO gene, which has been linked with aggression. This variant is known as the â€Å"warrior gene† and is carried by an unusually high proportion of male prison inmates. Most men who carry the warrior gene are not, however, involved in crime.It seems to influence different people in different ways. Carriers of the MAO-L gene appear more willing to take risks in general while also being better at assessing their chance of success in high-pressure situations. That's useful in battle but the gene also seems to influence characteristics that favor entrepreneurship. A California Insti tute of Technology study in 2010 tested this possibility in a financial simulation. The 83 men tested had to choose between a safe option and various other options which offered higher risks along with a range of identically higher returns. .. It seems more likely that a shared family culture and perhaps resources handed down from one generation to the next is what sustains these family traditions of business success The men carrying the MAO-L gene were much more likely to take financial risks but only where the odds were in their favor – they were good at assessing risk while also being prepared to take on the risk to generate the return. Those men who did not carry the MAO-L gene typically chose the lower risk and lower return option and were tryingly averse to any potential downside.This research shows there could be a genetic influence on entrepreneurship – at least in Menlo . The warrior gene (perhaps in time it will also be called the â€Å"entrepreneur geneâ₠¬ ) cannot, however, explain multiple generations of fathers and sons starting and running businesses. That's because the MAO gene is linked to the X-chromosome. Men inherit their single copy of the gene from their mother, not their father. Around one-third of all men of European descent carry the MAO-L variant so there is still a good chance that several f my male ancestors carried it, or that I carry it today.With the rapid advances being made in genetic research it is possible that some other gene will be linked with entrepreneurship and help explain why some families (including the Hillocks) have such strong records of entrepreneurship. But unless that occurs it seems more likely that a shared family culture and perhaps resources handed down from one generation to the next is what sustains these family traditions of business success. Lone Frank explains that the expression of many genes is influenced by such environmental factors.It appears that aggressive outcomes for those ca rrying the MAO-L gene are triggered by conditions such as mothers who smoke or drink during pregnancy or childhood trauma. In a different and more positive environment the gene variant could influence business success. Such an environment would of course also encourage success in those without the MAO-L gene. While there is evidence that some people have greater natural affinity for entrepreneurship it is likely that it is the environment in which people live or work that has the greatest influence.For now we can't alter our genes but we can create the environment in which more people are encouraged to set up new businesses and be more likely to succeed. . I am not aware of any similar research done on women who carry the MAO-L variant John Hillock is Director at Absolute Certainty Ltd. He can be contacted at [email  protected] Com Plan your success in the CA Program with our comprehensive PREP Workshops and Exam Coaching dad Leaders in accounting education Pass your exams and bec ome a chartered accountant in 2014! See preparers. Co. NZ Daniel hunt

Australian TOT(Terms of trade) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Australian TOT(Terms of trade) - Essay Example On the other hand, a TOT value greater than 100% implies that the country is accumulating capital or more money is coming into the country from the exports. If the TOT of a country improves (rise above 100), it means that for each export unit sold it can be able to buy more units of the imported goods. Therefore, a rise or increase in the TOT creates a benefit in terms of the number of goods required to be exported in order to purchase a particular amount of imports. Improving TOT can also contain a valuable effect on the domestic cost-push inflation because an improvement shows falling import prices relative to the prices of exports. However, a country can undergo suffering in terms of the falling export volumes and a deterioration payments balance. Contrary to the indications of an increasing TOT, a deteriorating TOT (decreasing below 100) shows that a country needs to export increased amount of goods in order to buy a particular quantity of imports.1 Australian TOT Between the yea r 1998- 1999 and the year 2008 to 2009, the TOT of Australia have undergone or went through an unprecedented rice of 75% indicating the alterations in both the composition and prices of traded services and goods. The prices of exports grew by 86% whereas that of imports grew by 9%. The increase or rise in the prices of exports was driven by the rise in metal ores and coal while the decrease in prices of most manufactured goods assisted in keeping the import prices down.2 In the year 2011, the TOT peaked rising to a level of 105% above the preciously prevailing values from the year 2002. This particular boom in TOT was attributed largely to the staggering high prices that the foreign buyers were paying for commodities such as iron, gas, and coal. Holding down of the import prices by the recorded high Australian dollar also boosted the TOT. In the month of December 2011 to march 2012 a decline of 9.8% was reported in the TOT. From this time, a free fall has been there in the Australia n TOT a situation that economists argue is beginning to get serious. The data available for the period of June quarter on the Australian dollar and the prices of commodities suggests that the TOT decreased by another 7% bringing the total TOT decline in three consecutive quarters to approximately 16%. The TOT absolute level is still high on any particular long run assessment but the decline does not suggest that the country is at the low point of the cycle. The fall in the TOT presents a huge downside risk to the economy of Australia.3 The TOT and the TWER (trade weighted exchange rate), for the actual year 1998 to 2012 and also the indicative for the year 2012 to 2017 are displayed in the figure below. Sources: the exchange rate was retrieved from the Statistical Bulletin of the Reserve Bank of Australia while the TOT (terms of trade) was retrieved from the ABS Table 1 Cat. no. 5206.0 The Mundell-Fleming model is regarded as an open economy IS-LM version with inclusion of capital f lows as a vital constituent of the model. The model is developed for the assessment of macroeconomic policy in a little open economy regarded as a price taker in import and export markets. The economy of Australia is definitely a small and open economy thus the application of this model to analyse the macroeconomic policy. In the last decade the imports and exports of services and goods of Australia were averaged at 37.3% of the GDP. The ISLM – BP model requires the capital mobility in order for the capital flows role to be activated. From the year 1980s both the capital outflows and inflows have

Macroeconomics of China and it's GDP Research Paper

Macroeconomics of China and it's GDP - Research Paper Example The steady increase in prices facilitated by the economic bubble suggests that China has come to a critical point of discouraging inflation within the right time: the vibrant mechanism of the economic growth in China has passed through a great transformation (Lai, 2006). At the time the government of China opened up foreign trade, facilitated investment and implemented the free market reformation about four decades ago, China has since become among the world’s top performing economies. With the real annual gross domestic product growth that averages to nearly 10 percent through the year 2013 (Bachman, 2011). In the current years the economy of China has emerged as the main global economic and the trade power. In the world’s current competitive market China is the top merchandise trading economy, holder of foreign reserves and it also acts as the largest destination of the foreign direct investment. Fortunately, China is expected to be the worlds’ largest economy in the next one year. Most economists forecast that China will overtake the United States of America to become the top performing economy in the world in the next few years. However, the probability of China to maintain the rapid growth of economic situation is minimal in the long run because it depends on the government for the implementation of comprehensive economic reforms (Lai, 2006). This will quickly facilitate the transition of the economy of China to a free market economy and create a balanced distribution within the economy thus creating a consumer demand rather than exportation. The government of China is greatly attached to its economy and it has acknowledged for some renovations in order to deal with some challenges effectively and efficiently (Bachman, 2011). China is the second largest economy in the world that will soon overtake the United States. According to the outstanding

Business Strategy for Nucleon Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business Strategy for Nucleon - Essay Example This favors Nucleon building its own plant which means higher costs and more time, although it also implies greater control. Contracting also involves more time and an estimated expense of about 4 million dollars. Moreover, there is the danger of confidential information about manufacturing leaking out, although it would free Nucleon’s R&D people to focus exclusively on their specialty which is research – this is also the factor that has propelled Nucleon to the top.   However, in my view, vertical integration is not favored in this case. The reason is that Phase I and II trials are still an experimental stage of development of the drug and all investments made on the pilot plant could be lost, while also deflecting funds from other research work. Contracting out is not a good option due to loss of confidentiality. However, the licensing option offers an excellent situation because it allows risks associated with clinical trials and expenses related to development, marketing and sales of the drug to a third Company, while also protecting Nucleon’s patent on the product. This will allow the Company to focus on its core competencies, i.e, research, and development. One of the developments in management theory is the belief that most firms have only a few â€Å"core competencies† where they possess exceptional skills and abilities.

Discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 43

Discussion - Essay Example In addition, the student portal is a crucial place to visit regularly since I get updates and information about my current school grades for the past years and it is easy to note any changes on such grades. With the school email, regular access makes me remain updated on things like course soft copies and presentations as sent by respective teachers. If I were driven by fear of consequences, being informed through the school notice board, school email, and student portal would be to gain critical information like exams and other dates that would affect my course completion. For instance, missing on exam dates would result to facing disciplinary action or expulsion, which is a big blow to my education and good grades. I believe the drive by fear of consequences is the best option. The university has set clear rules on all assignments and coursework submission. Some of the consequences of course requirements include penalizing like in late or plagiarised assignments, likelihood of expulsion for failed submission without notice, and sanctioned for disciplinary action for repeated failure. Additionally, I have some self-set goals and objectives to assist me in attaining the best grades for my career. In this case, I have to pass in my entire course works for fear that they would lower my cumulative grade. For me, this would mean missing the career of my dreams while observing time and instructions in my course work would maximize my chances of attaining a high grade. I would also gain high confidence in all my work and this would instil a sense of problem analysis, and solving that would be useful even in my real life (ODonnell, Reeve and Smith 132). If I followed my sense of obligation, there are high chances of relaxing and not being so keen on time and coursework instructions especially where the tutor is not strict. This would also increase the possibility of losing my research skills and self-dependence, and

PERFORMANCE EVALUATION &COMPETITIVE BENCHMARKING Research Paper - 1

PERFORMANCE EVALUATION &COMPETITIVE BENCHMARKING - Research Paper Example Revinate as a secondary data that holds information from third parties with most social media reviews including trip advisor, yelp, expedia and others. The data was collected through the consideration of Palomar hotel and the categorization of information in different fields such as the rooms, the bathroom, bed and others. Determination of the positive, neutral and the negative results provide a specific result as desired. The horizontal axis indicates the side that the customer’s performance levels get weighed on while the vertical axis represents the customers that showed satisfaction, dissatisfaction and neutrality in the service performances. Through the same, the competition for the business class is stiff between the two hotels and so the maintenance of the customers and the levels of improvement will determine how the retention aspect plays in keeping each participant in the market. The level of performance in service terms of Palomar Hotel is poor. The staff weighed in low on their service delivery and the customers were much satisfied by the cleanliness of the rooms and the bathrooms. The staff that the hotel has employed remains unsatisfying to the customers. The areas of strengths that the Palomar hotel has are in their room cleanliness and their bathrooms. The areas that need improvement include the areas of staff majorly. In the hotel business, the staff matter much and if their efforts and work does not much the expectations of the customers then the business gets affected. It is therefore wise for the hotel to consider reviewing their staff to ensure that the required quality of staff work in the hotel. The staff proves vital due to the fact that the better skilled the staff the more customer satisfaction achieved that could lead to more business and hence improved performance of the business. The level of staff has a huge impact on the customers in the business class. The consideration of

Focused Scenario Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Focused Scenario - Case Study Example Since the patient complaints of pain, history of present illness (HPI) should include the severity, onset and duration of the pain as well as aggravating and relieving factors. Any change in testicular size, irregular lumps, soreness or heaviness of the testes should also be asked. Any medication/s taken by the patient for the pain such as analgesics or antibiotics is also important. Past medical history (PMHx) should include any history of STD's, single or multiple infections, treatment and residual problems, if applicable as well as concomitant diseases like Diabetes Mellitus or for any neurologic or vascular impairment (Seidel, et.al, 2006). Relevant to ask in the Family History are infertilities in siblings, history of penile, prostate and testicular cancer and hernias (Siedel, et.al, 2006). Information as to the social history should also include past or present use of alcohol, drugs and cigarette. Since the patient rides a bike everyday and engages in physical sports (softball) , the use of protective gear on his genital area should be asked. The patient's sexual history should include the number of sexual partners, condom usage, sexual lifestyle (heterosexual, homosexual, bisexual) and questions as to any change in the frequency of sexual desire or activity and change in sexual response (e.g.

ECON Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

ECON - Assignment Example Among other things, the report admits the influence of high interest rates on other economic determinants such as inflation and foreign direct investment. It therefore sees the ambition of the European Central Bank to keep its interest rate at record low values as an attempt to redeeming the European region from further financial crisis, admitting that as it stands now, â€Å"the eurozone lurches out of recession amid high unemployment and low growth† (Steen, 2013). In this analysis paper, the economic implications of the decision taken by the European Central Bank are further analyzed in relation to key arguments made in the report. Influence of reduced interest rate on inflation rate There are some key indicators within the article to suggest that the lowered interest rates within the eurozone over the years have not necessarily sent inflation levels to the target of the European Central Bank. The writer however generally, opines that using inflation rates in August and Sept ember, which were 1.3 per cent and 1.1 per cent respectively, the intended intervention by the European Central Bank could become a one-stop strategy to achieve low inflation. Clearly, there is an enthusiasm with inflation coming down because once they do it would mean that prices can be expected to be relatively stable, ensuring that consumers have sufficient reserves in their purchasing power. However, the analogy presented in the report cannot be wholly true that reduced interest rates will forever stabilize or reduce inflation. This is because from the theory of rational expectations, the current hypothesis may only be short lived as investors are likely to start switching to the use of real interest rates in the determination of prices as begin to project inflation in the future (Bernanke, 2006). External determinants of growth In the article, there is the admission that the eurozone is not independent of itself in the determination of factors that will bring general economic r elief to its populace and for that matter, investors. This is because reference is made to the US budget shutdown with the assertion that â€Å"US budget shutdown would represent a risk to the world economy if it were protracted† (Steen, 2013). The implication of this admission is that no single trade and economic region is independent of its self in the regulation of its monetary policies. As much as possible, it is always important to have an eye for what is happening in other sectors and regions of trade and economic activities. This is because the world is now put in a position where the global economic market is more vibrant in the determination of growth for individual markets than individual markets can determine for the global economic market (Bernanke, 2006). Even within the eurozone alone, the graph below shows that even though different member states have different interest rates, it is the collection of the differences that constitute a holistic rate determinant f or the larger region. Steen (2013) Impact of excess liquidity on financial fragmentation The issue of real interest rates that was raised earlier is trumpeted in latter parts of the report as the president of the European Central Bank admits that bank liquidity is a challenge for the use of lowered interest rate to being about economic revamping. This is because in his opinion, bank liquidity cannot be predicted perfectly on its impact on â€Å"